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Free research papers and essays on topics related to: lipid
- Active Transport - 1,302 words
Active Transport Since the cell membrane is somewhat permeable to sodium ions, simple diffusion would result in a net movement of sodium ions into the cell, until the concentrations on the two sides of the membrane became equal. Sodium actually does diffuse into the cell rather freely, but as fast as it does so, the cell actively pumps it out again, against the concentration difference. The mechanism by which the cell pumps the sodium ions out is called active transport. Active transport requires the expenditure of energy for the work done by the cell in moving molecules against a concentration gradient. Active transport enables a cell to maintain a lower concentration of sodium inside the c ...
Related: transport, early stages, carbon dioxide, carried away, chloroplasts - Aids And Retroviruses - 1,286 words
... AP) to a cellular receptor. Receptor molecules can be proteins (glycoproteins), or the sugar residues present on glycoproteins or glycolipids. Some complex viruses, for example, Poxviruses and Herpesviruses may have more than one receptor-binding protein, therefore, there may be alternative routes of uptake into cells. The expression or absence of receptors on the surface of cells largely determines the tropism of most viruses, that is, the type of cell in which they are able to replicate. Penetration Unlike attachment, viral penetration is an energy-dependent process; that is, the cell must be metabolically active for this to occur. Three mechanisms may be involved: Tr ...
Related: aids, genetic code, life cycle, immune system, replication - Alzheimers Disease - 1,539 words
Alzheimer`s Disease Alzheimers Disease is a progressive, degenerative disease that affects the brain. Individuals with AD experience a progressive and specific loss of cognitive function resulting from the differentiation of the limbic system, association neocortex, and basal forebrain. It is also accompanied by the deposition of amyloid in plaques and cerebrovasculature, and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in neurons. Alois Alzheimer, a German doctor, diagnosed this disease for the first time in 1907. At that time it was considered a rare disorder. Currently, this tragic brain disorder affects approximately four million people; It is the most common type of dementia and the fourth ...
Related: alois alzheimer, alzheimer's disease, alzheimers disease, physiological processes, limbic system - Anesthetics - 915 words
Anesthetics Introduction Anesthetics are depressant drugs that cause a total or partial loss of the sense of pain. The effect an anesthetic has on the body depends on several factors. What type of anesthetic is used determines the effect along with the dosage and a person (or animal's) body weight. The word anesthesia was first introduced by Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1846 about four weeks after the first demonstration of ether anesthesia at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Ether was the first type of anesthesia used and was demonstrated as a means of allowing a patient to be unconscious and free from surgical pain. Stages of Anesthesia Stage one is known as analgesia and results from an in ...
Related: general hospital, nuclear weapons, cardiac arrest, neural, tone - Bacteria Outline - 1,338 words
Bacteria Outline Bacteria - Oldest, structurally simplest, most abundant forms of life - Only organism with prokaryotic cellular organization - The only members of the kingdom Monera (4800 different kinds) - Characteristics change depending on growth conditions - Maintenance of life depends on them - play vital role of productivity and as decomposers - Capable of fixing atmospheric N for use by other organisms - Used in production and fermentation of various food and as antibiotics and is being tested for insect control - Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes - Multi-cellularity - All bacteria fundamentally single celled - Sometimes cells adhere within a matrix to form filaments - Activities of bacteri ...
Related: bacteria, outline, food poisoning, flowering plants, acid - Biological Viruses: All Time Enemies - 1,170 words
Biological Viruses: All Time Enemies First came fever. Then Hamid Mansaray, a young nurse's aide at a remote African hospital, began to hemorrhage. Blood erupted from his nose and mouth. It burst out of capillaries beneath his skin and eyes. By the time I reached the village of Panguma in Serria Leone, Mansaray lay isolated in a special ward. Doctors had diagnosed an obscure illness called Lassa fever. Its cause was a virus, an infective agent so small that 100,000 of them clumped together would still scarcely be visible. Viruses are little more than bundles of genes - strands of DNA or RNA, the molecules that carry the blueprints for all life. Yet viruses are far from simple. They invade ar ...
Related: biological, white blood cells, yellow fever, common cold, contracts - Biology Molecule - 1,108 words
... covalent bond or a glycosiolic link -bond is angular and forms a spiral called an alpha helix -if it branches, amylopectin is formed -cellulose is a 1-4 linkage of beta glucose -this creates a straight strand and not a helix -these bonds are rigid and require special enzymes (cellulase) to break them -the position of the beta glucose molecules alternates Lipids: -humans rarely eat pure lipids -cell membranes are primarily lipid and lipids can easily enter cells, carrying a foods flavor with them -a diet should have less than 30% fat, 55-65% carbs, and 10-15% protein -lipids are important as a source of energy, insulation (adipose tissue), cushions for the internal organs, as a lubricant, ...
Related: biology, molecule, heart disease, boiling point, blood - Cell Permeability - 1,268 words
Cell Permeability Cell membrane permeability refer to the crossing of the cell membrane by substances. Substances move into or out of the cell by crossing the cell membrane. Some substances cross the membrane very easily and the membrane is said to be very permeable to these substances; others move across with difficulty, while others are excluded completely. There are various process that a substance may used to cross the cell membrane, such as diffusion, facilitalated diffision, or a substance may inter a cell by a mean of a cell membrane carrier, which requires some kind of energy, such as ATP. In any of the process that a substance may used to cross the cell membrane it has to be determi ...
Related: cell, blood cells, dependent, calcium - Cells Of The Human Body - 2,250 words
Cells Of The Human Body Cells are the basic living units of all plants and animals. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms. There are a wide variety of cell types, such as nerve, muscle, bone, fat, and blood cells. Each cell type has many characteristics, which are important to the normal function of the body as a whole. One of the important reasons for maintaining hemostasis is to keep the trillions of cells that form the body functioning normally. An averaged size cell is one-fifth the size of the smallest dot you can make on a sheet of paper with a sharp pencil. Although cells may have quite different structures and functions, all cells share some common ch ...
Related: blood cells, cell division, human body, genetic information, deoxyribonucleic acid dna - Cells Of The Human Body - 2,204 words
... lum of skeletal muscle stores calcium ions that function in muscle contraction. GOLGI APPARATUS The Golgi apparatus is composed of flattened membranous sacs, containing cisternae, that are stacked on each other like dinner plates. The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids manufactured by the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula. Proteins produced at the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are surrounded by a vesicle, or little sac, that forms from the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. The vesicle moves to the Golgi apparatus, fuses with the membrane of the Golgi apparatus, and releases the protein into the cisterna of the Golgi apparatus. ...
Related: blood cells, cell division, human body, white blood cells, health care - Clinical Chemistry In Medicine - 1,442 words
Clinical Chemistry In Medicine Of the diagnostic methods available to veterinarians, the clinical chemistry test has developed into a valuable aid for localizing pathologic conditions. This test is actually a collection of specially selected individual tests. With just a small amount of whole blood or serum, many body systems can be analyzed. Some of the more common screenings give information about the function of the kidneys, liver, and pancreas and about muscle and bone disease. There are many blood chemistry tests available to doctors. This paper covers the some of the more common tests. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is an end-product of protein metabolism. Like most of the other molecules i ...
Related: chemistry, clinical, medicine, energy source, liver disease - Enzyme Catalase - 1,412 words
... ays used 20ml) every time I increased the concentration by 10% I increased the H2O2 by 2ml and decreased the H2O by 2ml. A problem did occur at one point when I was doing my experiment for TRIAL 1 for the substrate concentration of 30%, it took a long time, much longer to get to 20ml of gas produced its time was no where near the previous concentration it had no pattern, so I stopped it and I repeated it again then it was alright it took normal time it was in pattern with the other concentrations. Probably the reason for the reaction at that particular concentration to take that long when I did it first might have been that the enzyme must of deteriated fast or when I put the enzyme in t ...
Related: catalase, enzyme, kinetic energy, fatty acids, sample - Erwin Chargaff - 357 words
Erwin Chargaff Erwin Chargaff, born 1905 in Czernowiz, Austria, was a pioneer in biochemistry contributing to the understanding of DNA. He, in 1928, earned his doctoral degree in chemistry at the University of Vienna's Spath's Institute in 1928. Erwin began his career in biochemistry at Yale University, working under Rudolph J. Anderson from 1928 to 1930. His early work included stories of the complex lipids, the fats or fatty acids that occur in microorganisms. Helping discover the unusual fatty acids and waxes in acid-fast mycobacteria led him to study the metabolism and biological role of lipids in the body. Chargaff was also a pioneer in the use of radioactive isotopes of phosphorus as a ...
Related: nucleic acids, fatty acids, gene therapy, attachment, pioneer - Evolution - 1,330 words
Evolution Evolution, a process of change through time, is what links together the enormous diversity of the living world. A lot of evidence is present that indicates that the earth has had a very long history and that all living things arose in the course of that history from earlier, more simpler forms. In other words, all species have descended from other species and all living things share common ancestors in the past. Basically, organisms are what they are because of their history. Today there are many theories and possibilities related to evolution which contribute to our understanding of the process. Our planet was born 4.6 billion years ago as a great cloud of dust and gas condensed i ...
Related: evolution, theory of evolution, natural selection, ultimate goal, experiment - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - 460 words
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome In one week 10,000 babies are born in Canada. Twenty are born with Fetal Alcohol syndrome (FAS). One hundred with other alcohol related birth defects. FAS is most often described as the leading cause of mental retardation. FAS is not genetic or inherited and is %100 preventable. Fetal Alcohol syndrome refers to a constellation of physical and mental birth defects that may develop in individuals whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy. It is an organic disease that is characterized by central nervous system involvement, growth retardation, and characteristic facial features. Prenatal alcohol exposure also causes malformation of major organs including heart, kidn ...
Related: alcohol, alcohol syndrome, fetal, fetal alcohol, fetal alcohol syndrome, prenatal alcohol exposure, syndrome - Hormones - 1,052 words
Hormones IntroductionHormones are organic substances that are secreted by plants and animals and that function in the regulation of physiological activities and in maintaining homeostasis. They carry out their functions by evoking responses from specific organs or tissues that are adapted to react to minute quantities of them. The classical view of hormones is that they are transmitted to their targets in the bloodstream after discharge from the glands that secrete them. This mode of discharge (directly into the bloodstream) is called endocrine secretion. The meaning of the term hormone has been extended beyond the original definition of a blood-borne secretion, however, to include similar r ...
Related: growth hormone, hormones, water balance, reproductive system, react - In The Early Stages Of The Twentieth Century, Little Was Known About Cell Membranes Until The Early 1950s, The Biological Cel - 414 words
In the early stages of the twentieth century, little was known about cell membranes. Until the early 1950s, the biological cell membrane was rarely mentioned in scientific literature. It was recognised that something was probably there, but hardly anything about it was known. Considering the lack of technical equipment available a century ago, scientists such as Charles Overton and Edwin Gorter were not only exploring new territory in looking at the properties of cell membranes, but laying the way for future cell biologists. Scientists had to wait another fifty years for the discovery of the electron microscope, let alone seventy years for the advent of freeze fracturing techniques. Nageli a ...
Related: biological, cell, early stages, twentieth, twentieth century - Introduction - 1,041 words
Introduction Steroids are hormonal substances, naturally produced in the body by the adrenal glands above the kidney and by reproductive organs. There are many different types of steroids and they all have different effects on the body. Some types of steroids have been found to help destroy some types of cancer cells, and can make more effective. This fact sheet describes steroids, how they are given and some of the side effects that may occur. Common types of steroids that are used in cancer treatment are: hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone and prednisolone. Dexamethasone is also used in low doses as an anti-sickness drug. In this case it is usually only given for short perio ...
Related: fact sheet, more effective, new england, transcription, abdominal - Marijuana In Detail - 1,761 words
Marijuana In Detail "Marijuana causes long-term changes in the brain similar to those seen with other drugs of abuse . . ." Back in the 1970s, animal experiments led to groundless fears that marijuana blew holes in brain tissue. The experiments organisations like NIDA now fund are more sophisticated but the controversy still rages. George Koob, an addiction researcher from The Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California, claims the new message from the animals is simple: "The more we discover about the neurobiology of addiction the more common elements we're seeing between THC (tetrahydrocannabinol, the main active ingredient in cannabis) and other drugs of abuse." And for Koob, one o ...
Related: marijuana, research institute, brain injury, health effects, chronic - Marijuana, Users, What You Lose - 1,769 words
Marijuana, Users, & What You Lose The topic of marijuana use is very broad and has an intricate effect on society as a whole, however, for the purpose of this paper; the literature review is based on facts covering a brief overview of the existence, use, and effect of marijuana. The history of the Cannabis plant and the outcomes associated with the use and abuse of marijuana is the major focus of this paper. What Is Marijuana? Marijuana is a drug obtained from dried and crumpled parts of the hemp plant Cannabis. Cannabis is botanically classified as a member of the family Cannabaceae and the genus Cannabis. There are 3 known species of Cannabis: Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ...
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